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The genus Acanthaspis (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) contains ecologically significant predatory assassin bugs noted for their complex camouflage behaviours and potential as biological control agents. Despite their importance, the evolutionary relationships within this genus remain poorly understood due to limited genomic data and morphological convergence. Mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs (rrnS and rrnL) offer a balance of conserved and variable regions, making them ideal markers for resolving lower-taxonomic relationships. The current study performed a comparative mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs analysis of Acanthaspis pedestris, A. cinctricus and A. ruficeps. Ribosomal RNA sequences were retrieved from RefSeq, aligned using the MAFFT G-INS-i algorithm and analysed for nucleotide composition, strand asymmetry and sequence conservation. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using the Neighbor-Joining method with the Jukes–Cantor (JC69) substitution model to evaluate gene-specific evolutionary signals. Both rRNA genes exhibited A+T bias (70.93%–72.26% for rrnS; 73.80%–76.19% for rrnL), negative AT skews and positive GC skews. High conservation rates were observed in rrnS (93.62%) and rrnL (92.68%) showed slightly higher sequence divergence. The phylogenetic reconstruction revealed different branching patterns, rrnS placed A. ruficeps and A. cinctricus as sister taxa, whereas rrnL grouped A. pedestris with A. ruficeps. These findings confirm that while mitochondrial rRNAs are structurally stable in Acanthaspis, they capture distinct evolutionary signals. This difference in branching patterns reveals the limitations of single-gene mitochondrial phylogenetic analysis and highlights the necessity of multi-locus or integrative phylogenetic approaches to resolve the complex systematics of the Reduviinae subfamily. These results provide a foundational framework for future genomic investigations into the diversification of predatory Hemiptera.

Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has emerged as a critical frontier in nanotechnology, offering environmentally compatible and bioactive alternatives to conventional toxic reduction methods. This study explores the untapped potential of Phyllanthus maderaspatensis leaf extract as a dual-action reducing and stabilizing agent for silver nanoparticle (AgNP) fabrication. AgNPs were synthesized by reacting aqueous leaf extract with 1 mM AgNO3 at room temperature. The resulting particles were characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Antibacterial efficacy was evaluated against Vibrio cholerae and Bacillus cereus using the disc diffusion method. The formation of crystalline AgNPs was confirmed by a characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 477.5 nm. XRD analysis verified a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure with a calculated average crystallite size of 14 nm. FTIR spectra identified hydroxyl, carbonyl and amine functional groups as the primary bioactive moieties responsible for silver ion reduction and bio-capping. Notably, the synthesized AgNPs exhibited potent antibacterial activity with zones of inhibition reaching 19.1 mm for V. cholerae and 20.2 mm for B. cereus, the latter surpassing the performance of the standard antibiotic Amikacin. These findings demonstrate that P. maderaspatensis-mediated green synthesis of crystalline silver nanoparticles produces stable, small-scale AgNPs with superior antimicrobial properties against enteric pathogens. This study supports the integration of phyto-nanotechnology into biomedical frameworks for developing next-generation antimicrobial agents.

In an era defined by rapid environmental change and emerging health crises, the manuscripts in this issue offer more than just data; they provide sustainable and innovative pathways for the future of biotechnology and medicine. By integrating diverse perspectives from phytochemical studies in South Asia to clinical diagnostic breakthroughs in Central Asia. Unig Science continues to serve as a premier international hub for interdisciplinary research that addresses global challenges in health and sustainability. A recurring theme in this collection is the "green" revolution in science, the transition from hazardous, energy- intensive processes to bio-inspired solutions.

Cardiovascular disorders (CVDs), especially heart failure (HF) and stable coronary artery disease (CAD) are primary global factors to high mortality and morbidity. Early diagnosis using cardiac biomarkers is essential for therapeutic management, but the transition from individual CVD markers to integrated diagnostic multimarkers remains complex. This narrative review analyse the diagnostic efficacy, clinical significance and various limitations of both recognised and novel CVD biomarkers. This systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. Research studies were chosen based on their reporting of sensitivity and specificity for detecting cardiovascular diseases with a preference for systematic reviews and extensive multicenter cohorts. Qualitative analysis was conducted on data from several significant research including the BACH, BIOMArCS, and MESA trials. High-sensitivity cardiac troponins (cTn) and natriuretic peptides (BNP/NT-proBNP) are still the best tests for heart damage and stress on the blood flow of heart. They have a high sensitivity (up to 0.94). But their specificity is generally only moderate (0.70–0.79) because of things like kidney problems and systemic inflammation that get in the way. New biomarkers including Heart-Type Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (H-FABP) and soluble ST2 (sST2) offer promise for earlier identification. However, they haven't been tested on a wide scale yet. Multimarker techniques that combine markers of injury, stress and inflammation (like hs-CRP) are consistently better than single-marker tactics. They have sensitivities more than 0.95 and specificities ~ 0.85. Although cTn and natriuretic peptides are essential in clinical practice, their individual accuracy is constrained by moderate specificity. A change in thinking toward multimarker frameworks leads to better diagnostic of CVD and prognostic results. Future research should concentrate on standardised, multicenter validation of these integrated CVD markers to enhance their efficacy into early diagnosis of CVD.

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are important environmental barriers and places to recover resources, but bacteriophages, which are microscopic dark matter, are still not well understood as a regulator of these biological systems. Phages are more common than bacteria and control the structure of microbial communities through lytic, lysogenic, and chronic life cycles that are affected by factors in the environment. In addition to predation, phages alter ecosystem biogeochemistry through auxiliary metabolic genes, improving nutrient cycling and aiding host adaptation to toxic stresses and pollutants. This review looks at how phages affect both the effectiveness of treatment and public health. Phages move organic matter through the viral shunt and viral shuttle which speeds up biomass growth and methanogenesis while also making biofilms more stable. Phages provide long-lasting biocontrol for filamentous bulking and biofouling in activated sludge and membrane bioreactors. Engineered variants can remove up to maximum of biofilm. Moreover, phages serve as exceptionally accurate biosensors for pathogen identification. WWTPs are known to be major places where antimicrobial resistance (AMR) spreads. Phages can help antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) move from one bacterium to another, but they can also be a strong alternative to chemical disinfection. Recent research indicates that lytic phages and tailored cocktails can efficiently eliminate multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae without generating detrimental byproducts. Integrating phage surveillance and biocontrol into standard treatment protocols is essential for managing microbial complexity and mitigating AMR hazards. To improve the performance of WWTPs, future research needs to bring together ecological models like Kill-the-Winner with the complex viral-microbial networks that are naturally present in engineering environments.

This research investigates the prevalence of parasites in the spotted deer, Axis axis, and explores the potential anthelmintic properties of phytochemicals from the plant Lantana camara using an in-silico approach. The study's primary aim was to investigate parasites’ prevalence and the interaction between the parasitic protein Cytochrome-B (CYTB) and the phytochemicals of Lantana camara. The research was conducted through two key objectives - Parasite Selection and Isolation: A pilot literature study was done to investigate the qualitative and quantitative aspects of parasite prevalence in Axis axis, and 2 species of Trematodes and 4 species of Nematodes each was seen in abundance; hence a total of 6 parasitic species were selected as the study subjects. Molecular Docking Analysis: The study retrieved the 3D structure of the Cytochrome-B (CYTB) protein from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and the structures of secondary metabolites of Lantana camara from PubChem. Molecular docking software (iGEMDOCK v2.1) was then used to analyse the binding interactions and energies between the ‘CYTB’ protein of six parasitic species and the Lantana camara phytochemicals. The most prevalent parasitic species identified were Strongyloides spp. and Paramphistomum spp., followed by Trichuris spp. and Oesophagostomum spp., which were moderately prevalent. Ascaris spp. and Fasciola spp. were also found but were less common. The in-silico docking analysis revealed that the selected phytochemicals from Lantana camara—specifically Rutin, Morin, Lantanoside, Terpinolene, and Copaene—showing strong affinities with the parasitic CYTB protein. Lantanoside, Rutin and Morin demonstrated the strongest binding affinities, suggesting they are the most potent compounds for inhibiting the growth and metabolism of the parasites. The results from this study validate the anthelmintic potential of these compounds and suggest that exposing infected animals to these secondary metabolites could effectively combat parasitic infections by inhibiting Cytochrome-B. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are encouraged to develop more effective anthelmintic drugs based on these findings.